Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer

Articles

Vol. 1 No. 1 (2013): Inaugural Issue

In-App Mobile Advertising: Investigating Consumer Attitudes Towards Pull-Based Mobile Advertising Amongst Young Adults In the UK

  • Callum Raines
Submitted
September 30, 2013
Published
2013-09-30

Abstract

Fuelled by the Smartphone’s continued diffusion, the mobile advertising market has experienced a revival.  The discerning marketer now faces a plethora of advertising opportunities to choose from, although arguably In-App advertising has been positioned as the medium with the greatest potential.   Far removed from the legacy of push-based mobile advertising formats the extant literature has addressed, there is little empirical research focused solely on in-app advertising.  The present study sets to address this omission, investigating consumer attitudes specifically towards in-app advertising, the relationship between attitude and behaviour, and the factors influencing overall attitudes. The results of a survey revealed generally negative attitude towards in-app advertising, with the relationship between attitude and behaviour confirmed. Irritation and Entertainment are identified as the central drivers in attitude formation.  Recommendations are proposed as to how marketers can best meet consumer requirements and drive positive attitude formation.

References

  1. Allport, W.A., 1968. The person in psychology: selected essays. Ann Arbor, MI: Beacon Press.
  2. Alwitt, L.F., and Prabhaker, P.R., 1992. Function and Belief Dimensions of Attitudes to Television Advertising: Implications for Copytesting. Journal of Advertising Research, 32 (5), 32-42. Available from: www.warc.com [Accessed 14 April 2013].
  3. Alwitt, L.F., and Prabhaker, P.R., 1994. Identifying who Dislikes Television Advertising: Not by Demographics Alone. Journal of Advertising Research, 34 (6), 32-4234 (6), 17-29. Available from: www.warc.com [Accessed 14 April 2013].
  4. Apple, 2013. Apple - iTunes - 50 Billion Apps Countdown. Cupertino, CA: Apple. Available from: https://www.apple.com/itunes/50-billion-app-countdown/ [Accessed 08 May 2013].
  5. Barnes, S.J., 2002. Wireless digital advertising: nature and implications. International Journal of Advertising, 21 (3), 399-420. Available from: www.emeraldinsight.com [Accessed on 19 February 2013].
  6. Barnes, S.J., and Scornavacca, E., 2004. Mobile Marketing: the role of permission and acceptance. International Journal of Mobile Communications, 2 (2), 128-39. Available from: http://www.inderscience.com/ [Accessed 08 May 2013].
  7. Barwise, P. and Strong, C., 2002. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 16 (1), 14-24. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com [Accessed 12 March 2013].
  8. Bauer, H.H., Barnes, S.J., Neumann, M.M., and Reichardt, T., 2005. Driving Consumer Acceptance Of Mobile Marketing: A Theoretical Framework And Empirical Study. Journal of Electronic Commerce Research, 6 (3), 181-192. Available from: www.CiteSeerx.ist.psu.edu [Accessed 19 February 2013].
  9. Brackett, L.L., and Carr, B.N., 2001. Cyberspace Advertising vs. Other Media: Consumer vs. Mature Student Attitudes. Journal of Advertising Research, 41 (5), 23-32. Available from: www.emeraldinsight.com [Accessed 01 March 2013].
  10. Burns, K.S., and Lutz, R.J., 2006. The Function of Format: Consumer Responses to Six On-line Advertising Formats. Journal of Advertising, 35 (1), 53-63. Available from: www.jstor.org [Accessed 14 April 2013].
  11. Cheng, J.M., Blankson, C., Wang, E.S., and Chen, L.S., 2009. Consumer attitudes and interactive digital advertising. International Journal of Advertising, 28 (3), 501-525. Available from: www.emeraldinsight.com [Accessed 31 March 2013].
  12. Choi, Y.K., Hwang, J., and McMillan, S.J., 2008. Psychology & Marketing, 25 (8), 756-768. Available from: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com [Accessed 1 April 2013].
  13. Chowdhury, H.K., Parvin, N., Weitenberner, C., and Becker, M., 2006. Consumer Attitude Towards Mobile Advertising in an Emerging Marketing: An Empirical Study. International Journal of Mobile Marketing, 1 (2), 33-41. Available from: www.ecrc.nsysu.edu.tw%2Fliang%2Fpaper%2F17-
  14. Mobile%2520advertising%2520(IJEC%25202004).pdf [Accessed 05 March 2013].
  15. Churchill, G.A., 1979. A Paradigm for Developing Better Measure of Marketing Constructs. Measure and Construct Validity Studies, 16 (1), 64-73. Available from: http://www.ebscohost.com/ [Accessed 15 March 2013].
  16. Clark, E.M., Brock, T.C., and Stweart, D.W., 1994. Attention, Attitude, and Affect in Response to Advertising. Lawrench Erlbaum Associates.
  17. DuCoffe, R.H., 1996. Advertising value and advertising on the Web. Journal of Advertising Research, 36 (5), 21-34. Available from: www.emeraldinsight.com [Accessed 01 March 2013].
  18. Dutta-Bergman, M.J., 2006. The Demographic and Psychographic Antecedents of Attitude toward Advertising. Journal of Advertising Research, 46 (1), 102-112. Available from: www.warc.com [Accesses 14 April 2013].
  19. eMarketer, 2013. UK No. 1 Country in Mobile Ad Spending per User. London: eMarketer. Available from: http://www.emarketer.com/Article/UK-No-1-Country-Mobile-Ad-Spending-per-User/1009587 [Accessed 12 April 2013].
  20. Ewing, M.T., 2013. The Good News Abut Television: Attitudes Aren't Getting Worse: Tracking Pubic Attitudes toward TV Advertising. Journal of Advertising Research, 51 (3), 83-89. Available from: www.warc.com [Accessed 14 April 2013].
  21. Farago, P., 2011. Smartphone Apps in Europe: The 8th Mass Market Media Channel. San Francisco, CA: Flurry. Available from: http://blog.flurry.com/bid/63381/Smartphone-Apps-in-Europe-The-8th-Mass-Market-Media-Channel [Accessed 05 March 2013].
  22. Fishbein, M., and Azjen, I., (1975) Belief, Attitude, Intention, and Behaviour: An Introduction to Theory and Research. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
  23. Freese, J., 2007. Replication Standards for Quantitative Social Science: Why Not Sociology? Sociological Methods & Research, 36 (2), 153-172. Available from: smr.sagepub.com [Accessed April 27 2013].
  24. Gartner, 2013. Gartner Says Worldwide Mobile Advertising Revenue to Reach $11.4 Billion in 2013. Stamford, CT: Gartner. Available from: http://www.gartner.com/newsroom/id/2306215 [Accessed 08 May 2013].
  25. Gao, Q., Rau, P.P., and Salvendy, G., 2009. Intl Journal Of Human-Computer Interaction, 25 (6). 479-505. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com/ [Accessed 08 April 2013].
  26. Grace-Martin, K., 2008. Can Likert Scale Data ever be Continuous? Brooktondale, NY: The Analysis Factor. Available from: http://www.theanalysisfactor.com/can-likert-scale-data-ever-be-continuous/ [Accessed on 29 April 2013].
  27. Hwang, J., Yoon, Y-S., and Park, N-H., 2011. Structural effects of cognitive and affective responses to web advertisements, website and brand attitude, and purchase intentions: The case of casual-dining restaurants. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 30 (4), 897-907. Available from: www.ScienceDirect.com [Accessed 01 May 2012].
  28. International Telecommunication Union, 2013. ICT Facts and Figures. Switzerland, Geneva: International Telecommunication Union. Available from: http://www.itu.int/en/ITU-D/Statistics/Documents/facts/ICTFactsFigures2013.pdf [Accessed March 18 2013].
  29. Internet Advertising Bureau UK, 2012. Customer Conversion Journey - Automotive. London: Internet Advertising Bureau UK. Available from: http://www.iabuk.net/research/library/customer-conversion-journey-automotive [Accessed 07 May 2013].
  30. Internet Advertising Bureau UK, 2012. Customer Conversion Journey - Automotive. London: Internet Advertising Bureau UK. Available from: http://www.iabuk.net/research/library/customer-conversion-journey-automotive [Accessed 07 May 2013].
  31. Internet Advertising Bureau, 2013. UK digital adspend up 12.5% to almost £5.5bn. London: Internet Advertising Bureau. Available from: http://www.iabuk.net/about/press/archive/uk-digital-adspend-up-125-to-almost-55bn [Accessed 10 April 2013].
  32. ISI, 2011. Journal Citation Reports. New York: Thomson Reuters. Available from: http://admin-apps.webofknowledge.com/JCR/JCR [Accessed 08 May 2013].
  33. Jones, C., 2013. Apple's iOS Mobile Ad Metrics Dominates Android. NY: Forbes. Available from: http://www.forbes.com/sites/chuckjones/2013/04/18/apples-ios-mobile-ad-metrics-dominates-android/ [Accessed 01 May 2013].
  34. Jones, W.L., and Sonner, B.S., 2001. Just Say No to traditional Student Sample. Journal of Advertising Research, 41 (5). Available from: www.warc.com [Accessed 08 April 2013].
  35. Khalaf, S., 2013. Flurry Five-Year Report: It's an App World. The Web Just Lives in It.. San Francisco, CA: Flurry. Available from: http://blog.flurry.com/bid/95723/Flurry-Five-Year-Report-It-s-an-App-World-The-Just-Web-Lives-in-It [Accessed 05 March 2013].
  36. King, S., 1975. Practical progress from a theory of advertisements. London: World Advertising Research Centre. Available from: www.warc.com [Accessed 09 May 2013].
  37. Laerd Statistics, 2013. Multiple Regression Analysis Using SPSS. Bath: Lund Research. Available from: https://statistics.laerd.com/spss-tutorials/multiple-regression-using-spss-statistics.php [Accessed 29 April 2013].
  38. Liu, C.E., Sinkovics, R.R., Pezderka, N., and Haghirian, P., 2012. Determinants of Consumer Perceptions toward Mobile Advertising - A Comparison between Japan and Austria. Journal of Interactive Market, 26 (1), 21-32. Available from: www.sciencedirect.com [Accessed 25 March 2013].
  39. Liu, Y., 2003. Developing a Scale to Measure the Interactivity of Websites. Journal of Advertising Research, 43 (2), 207-216. Available from: http://journals.cambridge.org [Accessed 15 March 2013].
  40. Luo, X., 2002. Uses and Gratifications Theory and E-Consumer Behaviour: A Structural Equation Modelling Study. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 2 (2), 34-41. Available from: http://jiad.org/article22.html [Accessed 09 March 2013].
  41. Lutz, R.J., 1975. Affective and Cognitive Antecedents of Attitude toward the Ad: A Conceptual Framework. In Psychological Processes and Advertising Effects: Theory, Research, and Application, L. F. Alwitt, and A. A. Mitchell, eds. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
  42. Ma, J., Suntornpithug, N., and Karaatli, G., 2009. Mobile Advertising: Does it work for everyone? International Journal of Mobile Marketing, 4 (2), 28-35. Available from: http://opus.ipfw.edu/manage_facpubs/82/ [Accessed 05 March 2013].
  43. MacKenzie, S.B., and Lutz, R.J., 1989. An Empirical Examination of the Structural Antecedent of Attitude Toward the Ad in an Advertising Pretesting Context. Journal of Marketing, 53 (2), 48-65. Available from: www.JSTOR.com [Accessed 16 March 2013].
  44. Malhotra, N.K., and Birks, D.F., 2005. Marketing research: an applied approach. 2nd Ed. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall. Available from: http://www.myilibrary.com/ [Accessed 25 March 2013].
  45. Mcstay, A., 2010. Digital Advertising. Great Britain: Palgrave Macmillan.
  46. Mehta, A., 2000. Advertising Attitudes and Advertising Effectiveness. Journal of Advertising Research, 40 (3), 67-72. Available from: www.emeraldinsight.com [Accessed 16 March 2013].
  47. Millward Brown, 2012. AdReaction 2012 - Global Report: Marketing in the Mobile World. London: Milward Brown. Available from: http://www.millwardbrown.com/Sites/Changing_Channels/AdReaction.aspx [Accessed Wednesday 10 April 2013].
  48. Mobile Marketing Association, 2013. Mobile Advertising. New York: Mobile Marketing Association. Available from: http://www.mmaglobal.com/wiki/mobile-advertising [Accessed 08 May 2013].
  49. Narli, S., 2010. An alternative evaluation method for Likert type attitude scales: Rough set data analysis. Scientific Research and Essays, 5 (6), 519-528. Available from: http://www.academicjournals.org/SRE [Accessed 25 April 2013].
  50. Norman, G., 2010. Likert scales, levels of measurement and the "laws" of statistics. Advances in Health Sciences Education, 15 (5), 625-32. Available from: link.springer.com [Accessed 29 April 2013].
  51. Nunnally, J.C., 1978. Psychometric Theory. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
  52. O'Donohoe, S., 1995. Attitudes to advertising: a review of British and American research. International Journal of Advertising. 14 (03), 03-16. Available from: www.warc.com [Accessed 14 April 2013].
  53. Ofcom, 2012. The Communications Market Report: International. London: Ofcom. Available from: http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/market-data-research/market-data/communications-market-reports/cmr12/international/ [Accessed 05 April 2013].
  54. Okazaki, S., 2004. How do Japanese consumers perceive wireless ads? A multivariate analysis. International Journal of Advertising, 23 (4), 429-454. Available from: www.emeraldinsight.com [Accessed 09 March 2013].
  55. Okazaki, S., 2007a. Lessons learned from i-mode: What makes consumers click wireless banner ads? Computers in Human Behaviour, 23 (3), 1692-1719. Available from: www.sciencedirect.com [Accessed 15 March 2013].
  56. Okazaki, S., 2007b. Assessing mobile-based online surveys: Methodological considerations and pilot study in an advertising context. International Journal of Market Research, 49 (5), 651-675. Available from: http://www.ebscohost.com/ [Accessed 02 April 2013].
  57. Okazaki, S., and Barwise, P., 2011. Has the Time Finally Come for the Medium of the Future? Journal of Advertising Research, 51 (1), 59-71. Available from: www.warc.com [Accessed 29 Februrary 2013].
  58. Okazaki, S., Katsukura, A., and Nishiyama, M., 2007. How Mobile Advertising Works: The Role of Trust in Improving Attitudes and Recall. Journal of Advertising Research, 47 (2), 165-178. Available from: www.emeraldinsight.com [Accessed 09 March 2013].
  59. Okzaki, S., Molina, F.J., and Hirose, M., 2012. Mobile Advertising: exploring the role of ubiquity. Electronic Markets, 22 (3), 169-183. Available from: http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12525-012-0087-1 [Accessed 10 March 2013].
  60. Oxford Dictionaries, 2013. Definition of app in Oxford Dictionary (British & World English). Oxford: Oxford University Press. Available from: http://oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/app?q=app [Accessed 09 May 2013].
  61. Persaud, A., and Azhar, I., 2012. Innovative mobile marketing via smartphone: Are consumers ready? Marketing Intelligence and Planning, 30 (4), 418-443. Available from: www.emeraldinsight.com [Accessed 03 March 2013].
  62. Pew Internet, 2011. Half of adult cell phone owners have apps on their phones. Washington, D.C.: Pew Research Centre. Available from: http://pewinternet.org/Reports/2011/Apps-update.aspx [Accessed 12 April 2013].
  63. Richard, J.E., and Meuli, P.G., 2013. Exploring and modelling digital natives' intention to use permission-based location-aware mobile advertising. Journal of Marketing Management, 00 (1), 1-22. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com [Accessed 17 March 2013].
  64. Ryu, Y.S., and Smith-Jackson, T.L., 2006. Reliability and Validity of the Mobile Phone Usability Questionnaire (MPUQ). Journal of Usability Studies, 2 (1), 39-53. Available from: http://www.upassoc.org/upa_publications/jus/2006_november/ryu_smith-jackson_mobile_phone_questionnaire.pdf [Accessed 26 March 2013].
  65. Saunders, M., Lewis, P., and Thornhill, A., 2009. Research method for business students. 5th ed. Harlow: Financial Times Prentice Hall
  66. Schlosser, A.E., Shavitt, S., and Kanfer, A., 1999. Survey of Internet Users' Attitudes Toward Internet Advertising. Journal of Interactive Marketing, 13 (3), 34-54. Available from: www.sciencedirect.com [Accessed 15 March 2013].
  67. Schrauf, R., and Navarro, E., 2005. Using Existing Tests and Scales in the Field. 20 (10), 1-21. Available from: http://online.sagepub.com/ [Accessed 05 April 2013].
  68. Shavitt, S., Lowrey, P., and Haefner, J., 1998. Public Attitudes Toward Advertising: More Favorable Than You Might Think. Journal of Advertising Research, 38 (4), 7-22. Available from: www.warc.com [Accessed 17 March 2013].
  69. Travis, B., 2013. Android vs. iOS: User Differences Every Developer Should Know. ComScore. Available from: http://www.comscore.com/Insights/Blog/Android_vs_iOS_User_Differences_Every_Developer_Should_Know#imageview/0/ [Accessed 01 May 2013].
  70. Tsang, M.M., Ho, S., and Liang, T., 2004. Consumer attitudes toward mobile advertising: an empirical study. International Journal Of Electronic Commerce, 8 (3), 65-78. Available from: www.ecrc.nsysu.edu.tw%2Fliang%2Fpaper%2F17-Mobile%2520advertising%2520(IJEC%25202004).pdf [Accessed 06 March 2013].
  71. Ãœnal, S., Ercis, A., and Keser, E., 2011. Attitudes towards Mobile Advertising - A Research to Determine the Differences between the Attitudes of Youth and Adults. In: 7th International Strategic Management Conference, 30 June - 02 July, Paris. Elsevier Ltd. Available from: www.sciencedirect.com [Accessed on 03 March 2013].
  72. Vantanparast, R., 2007. Piercing the Fog of Mobile Advertising. In: Archer, N., Hassanein, K., nad Yuan, Y., International Conference on the Management of Mobile Businesss, 09-11 July 2007, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Toronto: ICMB. Available from: http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/login.jsp?tp=&arnumber=4278563&url=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fxpls%2Fabs_all.jsp%3Farnumber%3D4278563 [Accessed 08 April 2013].
  73. Varnali, K., and Toker, A., 2010. Mobile marketing research: The-state-of-the-art. International Journal of Information Management, 30 (2), 144-151. Available from: www.ScienceDirect.com [Accessed 29 February 2013].
  74. Varnali, K., Yilmaz, C., and Toker, A., 2012. Predictors of attitudinal and behavioral outcomes in mobile advertising: A field experiment. Electronic Commerce Research and Applications, 11 (6), 570-581. Available from: www.elsevier.com [Accessed 28 February 2013].
  75. Wang, Y., and Sun, S., 2010. Assessing beliefs, attitudes, and behavioural response towards online advertising in three countries. International Business Review, 19 (4), 333-344. Available from: www.sciencedirect.com [Accessed 14 March 2013].
  76. Watkins, J., Hjorth, L., Koskinen, I., 2012. Wising up: Revising mobile media in an age of smartphone. Continuum: Journal of Media & Cultural Studies, 26 (5), 665-668. Available from: http://www.tandfonline.com [Accessed 03 February 2013].
  77. Wolin, L.D., Korgaonkar, P., and Lund, D., 2002. Beliefs, attitudes and behaviour towards Web advertising. International Journal of Advertising, 21 (1), 87-113. Available from: www.emeraldinsight.com [Accessed 27 March 2013].
  78. Wilken,R., and Sinclair,J., 2009. 'Waiting for the Kiss of Life': Mobile Media and Advertising. Covergence, 15 (4), 427-445. Available from: online.sagepub.com [Accessed 22 March 2013].
  79. Wu, C-H., 2007. An Empirical Study on the Transformation of Likert-scale Data to Numerical Scores. Applied Mathematical Sciences, 1 (58), 2851-2862. Available from: http://www.m-hikari.com/ams/ams-password-2007/ams-password57-60-2007/wuchienhoAMS57-60-2007.pdf [Accessed 29 April 2013].
  80. Xu, D.J., 2006. The Influence of Personalization in Affecting Consumer Attitudes Toward Mobile Advertising In China. The Journal of Computer Information Systems, 47 (2), 9-19. Available from: connection.ebescohost.com [Accessed on 05 March 2013].
  81. Xu, H., Oh, L., and Teo, H., 2009. International Journal of Mobile Communications, 7 (2) 154-177. Available from: http://www.ingentaconnect.com [Accessed 18 April 2013].
  82. Yang, B., Kim, Y., and Yoo, C., 2012. The integrated mobile advertising model: The effects of technology-and emotion-based evaluations. Journal of Business Research. Available from: www.sciencedirect.com [Accessed 12 March 2013].
  83. Zhang, J., and Mao, E., 2008. Understanding the Acceptance of Mobile SMS Advertising among Young Chinese Consumers. Psychology & Marketing, 25 (8), 787-805. Available from: www.intersceience.wiley.com [Accessed 16 March 2013].