Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer

Articles

Vol. 4 No. 1 (2016)

‘Do you think she’s pretty?’ Femininity, feminism and teen film: an analysis of The Hunger Games and The DUFF

Submitted
September 3, 2016
Published
2016-09-26

Abstract

This paper examines the packaging of lead female characters in teen film as feminist icons to be idolised despite their adherence to idealised femininity. Undertaking a semiotic analysis, including mise en scène study, of The Hunger Games (Color Force, 2012) and The DUFF (CBS Films, 2015), this examination draws on feminist theory focusing on key depictions of female heroines as feminist, feminine or an amalgamation of both. It is revealed that teen films rely on tropes, such as the makeover, to establish an imitation of maturity throughout the narrative. Females in teen films succumb to the hegemonic ideologies associated with heteronormative femininity. The genre continues to display the negation of feminism for femininity as a requirement for conceived females to achieve their ‘happy endings’. Characters such as Katniss Everdeen (The Hunger Games, 2012) and Bianca Piper (The DUFF, 2015) either reluctantly or enthusiastically accept their destinies as models of femininity.

References

  1. Archer, E. J., 2014. The True Face of Courage [online]. Lansdowne, VA: Breakpoint. Available from: https://www.breakpoint.org/component/blog/entry/12/26478 [Accessed 11 March 2016].
  2. Ashcraft, C., 2003. Adolescents Ambiguities in American Pie: Popular Cultures as a Resource for Sex Education. Youth Society [online], 35(1), 37-70.
  3. Balkind, N., 2014. Fan Phenomena: The Hunger Games. Bristol: Intellect Books.
  4. Bartky, S., 1993. Foucault, Femininity and the Modernisation of Patriarchal Power. In: Jackson, S., Atkinson, K., Beddoe, D., Brewer, T., Faulkner, S., Hucklesby, A., Pearson, R., Power, H., Prince, J., Ryan, M. and Young, P., eds. Women’s Studies: A Reader. Hertfordshire: Harvester Wheatsheaf, 227-230.
  5. Bavidge, J., 2004. Chosen Ones: Reading the Contemporary Teen Heroine. In: Davis, G. and Dickinson, K., eds. Teen TV: Genre, Consumption and Identity. London: British Film Institute, 42-53.
  6. Bettany, S., Dobscha, S., O’Malley, L. and Prothero, A., 2010. Moving beyond the binary opposition: Exploring the tapestry of gender in consumer research and marketing. Marketing Theory Articles [online], 10(1), 3-28.
  7. Bignell, J., 2002. Media Semiotics: An Introduction. 2nd edition. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
  8. Bihlmeyer, J., 2005. The (Un)Speakable FEMININITY in Mainstream Movies: Jane Campion’s The Piano. Cinema Journal [online], 44(2), 68-88.
  9. Bleach, A. C., 2010. Postfeminist Cliques? Class, Postfeminism, and the Molly Ringwald-John Hughes Films. Cinema Journal [online], 49(3), 24-44.
  10. Bourdieu, P., 1984. Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste. Translated by Richard Nice. Oxon: Routledge.
  11. Brunsdon, C., 1986. General Introduction. In: Brunsdon, C., ed. Films for Women. London: British Film Institute, 1-6.
  12. Butler, J., 1988. Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory. Theatre Journal [online], 40(4), 519-531.
  13. Butler, J., 1993. Bodies That Matter: on the Discursive Limits of Sex. London: Routledge.
  14. CBS Film, 2015. The DUFF film poster [image]. US: Cineworld.co.uk. Available from: http://www2.cineworld.co.uk/assets/media/films/8349_poster_iphone.jpg [Accessed 9 April 2016].
  15. CBS Films, 2016. The DUFF [online]. CBS Films: Los Angeles, CA. Available from: http://www.cbsfilms.com/the-duff/ [Accessed 19 March 2016].
  16. Cecil, D. K., 2008. From Heathers to Mean Girls: An Examination of Relational Aggression in Film. Journal of Criminal Justice and Popular Culture [online], 15(3), 262-276.
  17. Chandler, A., 2014. When Life Imitates The Hunger Games in Thailand [online]. Washington, D.C: The Atlantic. Available from: http://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2014/11/five-arrested-the-hunger-games-three-finger-salute-thailand/383020/ [Accessed 11 March 2016].
  18. Collins, S., 2008. The Hunger Games. London: Scholastic.
  19. Collins, S., 2009. Catching Fire. London: Scholastic.
  20. Collins, S., 2010. Mockingjay. London: Scholastic.
  21. Color Force, 2012. The Hunger Games film poster [image]. US: Filmofilia.com. Available from: http://www.filmofilia.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/hunger_games_poster.jpg [Accessed 9 April 2016].
  22. Cowie, E., 1997. Representing the Woman: Cinema and Psychoanalysis. Minneapolis, MN: Macmillan Press.
  23. De Vaney, A., 2002. Pretty in Pink? John Hughes Reinscribes Daddy’s Girl in Homes and Schools. In: Gateward, F. K., and Pomerance, M., eds. Sugar, Spice, and Everything Nice: Cinemas of Girlhood. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press, 201-216.
  24. Driscoll, C., 2011. Teen Film: A Critical Introduction. Oxford: Berg.
  25. Dubrofsky, R. E. and Ryalls, E. D., 2014. The Hunger Games: Performing Not-performing to Authenticate Femininity and Whiteness. Critical Studies in Media Communication [online], 31(5), 395-409.
  26. Duca, L., 2015. Mae Whitman is Not The ‘Ugly, Fat Friend,’ Even If She’s Playing One [online]. Huffington Post: New York, NY. Available from: http://www.huffingtonpost.com/2015/02/18/mae-whitman-the-duff_n_6700780.html [Accessed 26 March 2016].
  27. Duits, L. and van Zoonen, L., 2006. Headscarves and Porno-Chic: Disciplining Girls: Dsiciplining Girls’ Bodies in the European Multicultural Society. European Journal of Women’s Studies [online], 13(2), 103-117.
  28. Faludi, S., 1992. Backlash: The Undeclared War Against Women. London: Chatto & Windus.
  29. Ferriss, S. and Young, M., 2008. Chick Flicks: Contemporary women at the movies. New York, NY: Routledge.
  30. Ferriss, S., 2008. Fashioning femininity in the makeover flick. In: Ferriss, S. and Young, M., eds. Chick Flicks: Contemporary Women at the Movies. New York, NY: Routledge, 41-57.
  31. Fields, J., 2007. An Intimate Affair: Women, Lingerie and Sexuality. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  32. Fischer, A. H., 1993. Sex Differences in Emotionality: Fact or Stereotype? Feminism & Psychology [online], 3(3), 303-318.
  33. Forman, M., 2004. Freaks, Aliens, and the Social Other: Representations of Student Stratification in U.S. Television’s First Post-Columbine Season. The Velvet Light Trap [online], 53, 66-82.
  34. Foucault, M., 1979. Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison. Translated by Alan Sheridan. Harmondsworth: Penguin Books.
  35. Gill, R. C., 2007. Critical Respect: The Difficulties and Dilemmas of Agency and ‘Choice’ for Feminism. European Journal of Women’s Studies [online], 14(1), 69-80.
  36. Gillis, S., Howie, G., and Munford, R., 2004. Third Wave Feminism: A Critical Exploration. Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan.
  37. Hansen, K. S., 2015. The Metamorphosis of Katniss Everdeen: The Hunger Games, Myth, and Femininity. Children’s Literature Association Quarterly [online], 40(2), 161-178.
  38. Health, S., 2000. Joan Riviere and The Masquerade. In: Burgin, V., Donald, J. and Kaplan, C., eds. (1986). Formations of Fantasy. London: Methuen Books, 45-61.
  39. Hirsch, M., 1989. The Mother / Daughter Plot: Narrative, Psychoanalysis, Feminism. Bloomington, IN: Indiana University Press.
  40. Hornaday, A., 2015. A rare zero stars for ‘The DUFF’, thanks to grating heroine, draggy tone [online]. The Washington Post: Washington, D.C. Available from: https://www.washingtonpost.com/goingoutguide/movies/the-duff-based-on-the-young-adult-novel-whiffs-it/2015/02/19/833fe66e-b77c-11e4-9423-f3d0a1ec335c_story.html [Accessed 22 March 2016].
  41. IMDb, 2016. The DUFF [online]. IMDb: Seattle, WA. Available from: http://www.imdb.com/title/tt1666801/ [Accessed 22 March 2016].
  42. Jacey, H., 2010. The Woman in the Story: Writing Memorable Female Characters. Studio City, CA: Michael Wiese Productions.
  43. Jantzen, C., Østergaard, P. and Vieiera, C. M. S., 2006. Becoming a ‘Woman to the Backbone’: Lingerie consumption and the experience of feminine identity. Journal of Consumer Culture [online], 6(1), 177-202.
  44. Jones, A., 2003. The Feminism and Visual Culture Reader. London: Routledge.
  45. Kaveney, R., 2006. Teen Dreams: Reading Teen Film and Television from ‘Heathers’ to ‘Veronica Mars’. London: I.B. Tauris & Co.
  46. Kennedy, H. W., 2002a. Lara Croft: Feminist Icon or Cyberbimbo?: On the Limits of Textual Analysis. Game Studies [online], 2(2). Available from: http://www.gamestudies.org/0202/kennedy/ [Accessed 23 April 2016].
  47. Kennedy, K., 2002b. Results of Misspent Youth: Joan Jett’s performance of female masculinity. Women’s History Review [online], 11(1), 89-114.
  48. Klepp, I. G. and Storm-Mathisen, A., 2005. Reading Fashion as Age: Teenage Girls’ and Grown Women’s Accounts of Clothing as Body and Social Status. Fashion Theory [online], 9(3), 323-342.
  49. Kuhn, A., 1994. Women’s Pictures: Feminism and Cinema. 2nd edition. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
  50. Lamm, Z., 2009. The Cinematic Shrews of Teen Comedy: Gendering Shakespeare in Twentieth-Century Film. Genders, 49. Available from: http://www.iiav.nl/ezines/web/GendersPresenting/2009/No50/g49_lamm.html [Accessed 22 February 2016].
  51. Lewis, J., 1992. The Road to Romance and Ruin: Teen Films and Youth Culture. New York, NY: Routledge.
  52. Linden, S., 2015. ‘The DUFF’: Film Review [online]. The Hollywood Reporter: Los Angeles, CA. Available from: http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/review/duff-film-review-770573 [Accessed 22 March 2016].
  53. Martin, A., 1994. Phantasms. Australia: McPhee Gribble.
  54. McIntyre, K., 1981. Role of Mothers in Father-Daughter Incest: A Feminist Analysis. Social Work [online], 26(6), 462-466.
  55. McRobbie, A., 2009. The Aftermath of Feminism: Gender, Culture and Social Change. London: Sage.
  56. Morris, P. H., White, J., Morrison, E. R., Fisher, K., 2013. High heels as supermodel stimuli: How wearing high heels affects judgements of female attractiveness. Evolution and Human Behaviour [online], 34(3), 176-181.
  57. Moseley, R., 2015. Teen Drama. In: Creeber, G., ed. The Television Genre. 3rd edition. London: Palgrave, 38-42.
  58. Mulvey, L., 1992. Visual Pleasure and Narrative Cinema. In: Durham, M. G., and Kellner, D. M., eds. (2001). Media and Cultural Studies: Keyworks. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing, 342-352.
  59. Parson, L. T., 2004. Ella Evolving: Cinderella Stories and the Construction of Gender-Appropriate Behaviour. Children’s Literature in Education [online], 35(2), 135-154.
  60. Rittenour, C. E. and Colaner, C. W., 2012. Finding Female Fulfillment: Intersecting Role-Based and Morality-Based Identities of Motherhood, Feminism, and Generativity as Predictors of Women’s Self Satisfaction and Life Satisfaction. Sex Roles [online], 67, 351-262.
  61. Saussure, F. D., 1959. Course in General Linguistics. Translated by Wade Baskin. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.
  62. Smith, F., 2012. Gender and Class Performativity at Prom: An Analysis of Pretty in Pink. Networking Knowledge [online], 5(1), 23-39.
  63. Smith, F., 2013. Rethinking the Norm: Judith Butler and the Hollywood Teen Movie [online]. Thesis (PhD). University of Warwick.
  64. Stacy, J., 1987. Desperately Seeking Difference. In: Gamman, L. and Marshment, M., eds. (1988). The Female Gaze: Woman as Viewers of Popular Culture. London: The Women’s Press Limited, 112-129.
  65. Thornham, S., 2000. Feminist Theory and Cultural Studies: Stories of Unsettled Relations. New York: Oxford University Press.
  66. Thornton, S., 1995. The Social Logic of Subcultural Capital. In: Gelder, K. and Thornton, S., eds. (1997). The Subcultures Reader. 2nd edition. New York: Routledge, 184-192.
  67. Whelehan, I., 1995. Modern Feminist Thought: From the Second Wave to ‘Post-Feminism’. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.
  68. Willis, J. L., 2008. Sexual Subjectivity: A Semiotic Analysis of Girlhood Sex, and Sexuality in the film Juno. Sexuality & Culture [online], 12, 240-256.
  69. WÅ‚odarczyk, J., 2010. Ungrateful Daughters: Third Wave Feminist Writings. Newcastle Upon Tyne: Cambridge Scholars Publishing.
  70. Woloshyn, V., Taber, N. and Lane L., 2013. Discourses of Masculinity and Femininity in The Hunger Games: “Scarred,†“Bloody,†and “Stunningâ€. International Journal of Social Science Studies [online], 1(1), 150-160.
  71. Zimmerman, D., 2015. Fat and Ugly? ‘The DUFF’ and Hollywood’s harmful beauty standards [online]. Hypable: Los Angeles, CA. Available from: http://www.hypable.com/the-duff-promoting-harmful-beauty-standards/ [Accessed 26 March 2016].
  72. FILMOGRAPHY
  73. Things I Hate About You, 1999. [film, DVD]. Directed by Gil Junger. US: Touchstone Pictures.
  74. A Cinderella Story, 2004. [film, DVD]. Directed by Mark Rosman. US: Warner Bros. Pictures.
  75. American Pie, 1999. [film, DVD]. Directed by Paul Weitz and Chris Weitz. US: Summit Entertainment.
  76. Clueless, 1995. [film, DVD]. Directed by Amy Heckerling. US: Paramount Pictures.
  77. Divergent, 2014. [film, DVD]. Directed by Neil Burger. US: Summit Entertainment.
  78. EuroTrip, 2004. [film, DVD]. Directed by Jeff Schaeffer. US: The Montecito Picture Company.
  79. Guardians of the Galaxy, 2014. [film, DVD]. Directed by James Gunn. US: Marvel Studios.
  80. Into the Wild, 2007. [film, DVD]. Directed by Sean Penn. US: River Road Entertainment.
  81. Juno, 2007. [film, DVD]. Directed by Jason Reitman. US: Fox Searchlight Pictures.
  82. Kids, 1995. [film, DVD]. Directed by Larry Clark. US: Independent Pictures.
  83. Lucy, 2014. [film, DVD]. Directed by Luc Besson. France: EuropaCorp.
  84. Mean Girls, 2004. [film, DVD]. Directed by Mark Waters. US: Paramount Pictures.
  85. Porky’s, 1982. [film, DVD]. Directed by Bob Clark. US: Astral Films.
  86. Pretty in Pink, 1986. [film, DVD]. Directed by John Hughes. US: Paramount Pictures.
  87. Save the Last Dance, 2001. [film, DVD]. Directed by Thomas Carter. US: MTV Films.
  88. She’s All That, 1999. [film, DVD]. Directed by Robert Iscove. US: FilmColony.
  89. Sixteen Candles, 1984. [film, DVD]. Directed by John Hughes. US: Channel Productions.
  90. Slap Her, She’s French!, 2002. [film, DVD]. Directed by Melanie Mayron. US: Bandeira Entertainment.
  91. Sucker Punch, 2010. [film, DVD]. Directed by Jack Snyder. US: Legendary Pictures.
  92. The Basketball Diaries, 1995. [film, DVD]. Directed by Scott Kalvert. US: Island Pictures.
  93. The Breakfast Club, 1985. [film, DVD]. Directed by John Hughes. US: A&M Films.
  94. The DUFF, 2015. [film, DVD]. Directed by Ari Sandel. US: CBS Films
  95. The Hunger Games, 2012. [film, DVD]. Directed by Gary Ross. US: Color Force.
  96. The Hunger Games: Catching Fire, 2013. [film, DVD]. Directed by Francis Lawrence. US: Color Force.
  97. The Hunger Games: Mockingjay Part 1, 2014. [film, DVD]. Directed by Francis Lawrence. US: Color
  98. Force.
  99. The Hunger Games: Mockingjay Part 2, 2015. [film, DVD]. Directed by Francis Lawrence. US: Color Force.
  100. The Princess Diaries, 2001. [film, DVD]. Directed by Garry Marshall. US: Walt Disney Pictures.
  101. Twilight, 2008. [film, DVD]. Directed by Catherine Hardwicke. US: Temple Hill Entertainment.